|
rpwpyq;fhtpd; Gjpa
mjpguhf> md;W kfpe;j uh[gf;r> rpq;fs kf;fshy; njupT nra;ag;gLtjw;F Kd;dUk;>
gpd;dUkhfg; gy fUj;JUthf;fq;fis mtUk; mtUila fl;rpapdUk;
ntspapl;bUe;jhu;fs;.
,f;fUj;Jf;fspy; xd;W ~gz;lhuehaf;fh rfhg;jk;| vd;gjhFk;. ,d;DnkhU fUj;J>
rpq;fs ngsj;j Ngupdthj rpe;jidapd; mbg;gilapy; vOjg;gl;l kfhtk;rk; jUfpd;w
jfty;fis ikakhff; nfhz;ljhFk;. gz;lhuehaf;fh rfhg;;jk;(?) nfhz;L te;j NfLfs;
Fwpj;J ehk; Vw;fdNt gy jlitfs; ju;f;fpj;J cs;Nshk;. MfNt ,r;re;ju;g;gj;jpy;
ehk; kfhtk;rk; Fwpj;Jr; rw;W Mokhf ftdj;ijr; nrYj;JtJ nghUj;jkhf ,Uf;f$Lk;.
'Kjypy; kfhtk;rk; vd;w E}y; vjidr; nrhy;fpd;wJ> mJ vg;NghJ vtuhy;
vOjg;gl;lJ> mjw;F Mjhukhf mike;Js;sit vit?"-
vd;git Fwpj;J ehk; mwpe;J nfhs;tJ rw;W njspitj; juf;$Lk;.
,yq;ifj; jPtpd; tuyhw;iw tpgupf;fpd;w tuyhw;W E}y; Mtzq;fspy;> Kjd;ikahfj;
jpfo;tJ kfhtk;rk; vd;gjpy; re;Njfkpy;iy. MapDk;> kfhtk;rk; ,yq;if
tuyhw;wpidr; rpytplj;J ek;gfj;jd;ikNahLk;> gytplj;J ek;gfkw;wjhfTk;
tpgupf;fpd;wJ - vd;W fyhepjp f.Fzuhrh Fwpg;gpLfpd;whu;. kfhtk;rk; Fwpj;Jf;
fyhepjp f.Fzuhrh vOjpa Ma;T E}iyAk;> mjw;F cjtpa rpy crhj;Jiz E}y;fisAk;
ehk; ed;wpAld; gad;gLj;jpf;nfhs;s tpiofpd;Nwhk;. gy nrhy;yhly;;fs; mg;gbNa
vLj;jhsg;gl;Ls;sd.
kfhtk;rk; ghsp nkhopapy;> nra;As; tbtpy; ghlg;gl;bUf;fpd;wJ. ,yq;ifj;
jPtpw;Fg;; ngsj;j rkak; te;j tuyhW Fwpj;Jk;> ,yq;ifia Ml;rp Gupe;j kd;du;fsJ
tuyhW Fwpj;Jk; kfhtk;rk; tpgupf;fpd;wJ. kfhtk;rk; tpgupf;fpd;w %yf;fijfisf;
$whkNyNa> kfhtk;rk; $Wfpd;w ,yq;if tuyhw;iw mwpa KbAk;. rpq;fs ,dj;jpw;F
mtkhdk; jUfp;w rk;gtq;fs; vd;W fUjp> gyu; rpy %yf; fijfisj; jtpu;j;Jk;>
GJf;fpAk;> Vd; jpupj;Jk; $l vOj Muk;gpj;jpUf;fpd;whu;fs;. kfhtk;rk; nrhy;tij
Vw;gJk;> Vw;fhky; NghtJk; NtW tplakhFk;. Mdhy;> kfhtk;rj;jpd;
Gdpjj;jd;ikiaf; nflhky; ghJfhf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;w vz;zj;jpy;> gyu; Vw;fdNt cs;s
kfhtk;rj;ij> GJg;gpf;f Kw;gLk; nray;fis Vw;Wf; nfhs;s KbahJ.
,yq;ifapd; tuyhW Fwpj;Jg; NgRfpd;w kfhtk;rj;jpd; tuyhW vd;d vd;gJ Fwpj;J
Kjypy; ftdpg;Nghk;.
yq;ifapy; ngsj;j kjk; gutp;> epiy ngw;w fhyj;jpy; ngsj;j tpfhiufspy; tho;e;J
te;j ngsj;j gpf;Ffs; rka kuGfs; Fwpj;Jk;;> kd;du;fspd; tuyhw;Wf; fijfs;;>
mtu;fsJ gzpfs; Fwpj;Jk; VLfspy; vOjpaNjhL kl;Lky;yhJ> tha;nkhop %ykhfTk;
Ngzp te;jhu;fs;. ,it fhyk; fhykhfg; Ngzg;gl;L te;jNjhL> 'ml;lfjh" vd;W
miof;fg;gl;Lk; te;jd. ,t;thW gy;NtW ngsj;j tpfhiufspy; Ngzg;gl;L te;j
~ml;lfjhf;fs;|> xU fl;lj;jpy; xUq;fpizf;fg;gl;L ~ml;lfjh-kfhtk;rk;| vd;W
miof;fg;glyhdJ.
~ml;lfjh-kfhtk;rj;jpd;| Vl;Lg;gpujpfisj; jOtpg; gpd;dhspy; jPgtk;rk; vd;w
E}y; vOjg;gl;lJ. fpwp];JTf;Fg; gpd; ehd;fhk; E}w;whz;lstpy;jhd; jPgtk;rk;
vOjg;gl;bUf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W tuyhw;W Mrpupau;fs; fUJfpd;whu;fs;. jPgtk;rj;jpd;
Mrpupau; ahu; vd;W mWjpapl;L $wKbahky; cs;sJ. fhyj;jpw;Ff; fhyk; gy ngsj;j
gpf;Ffshy; vOjg;gl;l nra;As;fis xUq;fpizj;Jj;jhd; ~jPgtk;rk;| KOik
ngw;wpUf;ff;$Lk;.
,e;jj; jPgtk;rk; vd;fpd;w E}ypy; ,Ue;Jjhd;> jw;Nghija kfhtk;rk; vd;fpd;w
E}y; cUthfpAs;sJ. jPgtk;rj;ij kPs; xOq;F nra;jJjhd; kfhtk;rk; vd;W gpsPw;
(FLEET)
$Wthu;. ,d;ndhU tifapy; nrhy;yg; Nghdhy; ~jPgtk;rk; vd;fpd;w E}ypd;
kpfj;jpUj;jkhd tbtNk kfhtk;rk;| vd;Wk; $wyhk;.
,t;thW gy ngsj;j gpf;Ffs; fhyk; fhykhf> VLfs; ClhfTk;> tha;nkhop ClhfTk;
Ngzp te;j nra;As;fs; ~ml;lfjh| vd;Wk;> gpd;du; ~ml;lfjh-kfhtk;rk;| vd;Wk;
mjd; gpd;du; ~jPgtk;rk;| vd;Wk;> <w;wpy; ~kfhtk;rk;| vd;Wk;
xUq;fpizf;fg;gl;L kPs; xOq;F nra;ag;gl;ld. kPs; xOq;ifr; nra;J kfhtk;rj;ij
cUthf;fpatu; kfhehk Njuu; vd;W rpy Ma;thsu;fs; fUJthu;fs;. kfhehk Njuu;jhd;
kfhtk;rj;jpd; %y Mrpupau; vdf; nfhs;sf;$ba Mjhuq;fs; vJTk; ,y;iy vd;W
fUJfpd;w Ma;thsu;fSk; cz;L.
,J ~kfhtk;rk;| vd;fpd;w tuyhw;W
E}y; cUthd tuyhW MFk;.!
,e;j ~kfhtk;rk;| vd;fpd;w
tuyhw;W E}y; vt;thW gFf;fg;gl;bUf;fpd;wJ> mJ vjidr; nrhy;fpd;wJ vd;gjid
,g;NghJ ghu;g;Nghk;.
%yE}yhd jPgtk;rj;jpy; 37 mj;jpahaq;fs; cs;sd. mNjNghy kfhtk;rj;jpy; Kjypy;
37 mj;jpahaq;fs; mlq;fpAs;sd. mj;NjhL NkYk; 63 mj;jpahaq;fs; Nru;f;fg;gl;L>
vy;yhkhf E}W mj;jpahaq;fs; kfhtk;rj;jpy; jw;NghJ cs;sd. 38 Mk;
mj;jpahaj;jpy; ,Ue;J 100 MtJ tiuapyhd mj;jpahaq;fs; ~#stk;rk;| vd;w njhlu;
E}ypy; cs;sitahFk;. ,tw;iwg; ghsp nkhopapy; ,Ue;J> N[u;kd; nkhopf;F> nkhop
ngau;g;Gr; nra;j tpy;ypak; nfa;fu;> Kjy; 37 mj;jpahaq;fis> ~kfhtk;rk;| vd;w
jiyg;gpy;> nkhop ngau;j;jhu;. kPjp 100 tiuapyhd mj;jpahaq;fis ~#stk;rk;
njhFjp xd;W|> ~#stk;rk; njhFjp ,uz;L| vd;W nkhop ngau;j;jhu;.
gpd;dhspy;> mjhtJ 1889 ,y;> Kjypahu; vy;.rp.tp[arpq;f vd;gtu;> N[hu;[; Nudu;
vd;gtupd; Mq;fpy nkhopngau;g;ig kPsha;T nra;J kWgjpg;ghf ntspapl;lhu;. Mdhy;
Kjypahu; tp[arpq;f xU khWjiy> jiyg;Gfspd; ngaupy; nfhz;L te;jhu;. #stk;rk;
$Wfpd;w 38 Kjy; 100 tiuapyhd mj;jpahaq;fSf;F ~kfhtk;rk; njhFjp ,uz;L| vd;W
ngaupl;lhu;. Kjypahu; tp[arpq;ftpd; fUj;Jg;gb E}W mj;jpahaq;fSk; kfhtk;rk;
vd;w nghJg; ngaUf;Fs;NsNa mlf;fkhfp tpl;ld.
Mdhy; ,q;Nf Xu;; cz;ikiaAk; Rl;bf;fhl;l Ntz;Lk;. ghsp nkhopapy; ,Ue;J
kfhtk;rj;ij N[u;kd; nkhopf;F> nkhop ngau;j;j tpy;ypak; nfa;fu;> mjid N[u;kd;
nkhopapypUe;J Mq;fpy nkhopf;F nkhop ngau;j;jJ 1912 Mk; Mz;by;jhd;.
mjw;F Kd;dNuNa ghsp nkhopapypUe;J Neubahf Mq;fpyj;jpw;F ~kfhtk;r’
vd;w ngaupy; 1837 ,y; N[hu;;[;; Nudu; nkhop ngau;g;G nra;jijAk;> mjidj;jhd;
Kjypahu; tp[arpq;f kPsha;T nra;jijAk; ehk; ,q;Nf Fwpg;gpl tpUk;Gfpd;Nwhk;.
vJ vg;gbapUg;gpDk;> ~kfhtk;rk;
vd;fpd;w E}y;> fpwp];JTf;F
gpd; 6 Mk; E}w;whz;by;jhd; vOjg;gl;Ls;sJ| vd;Wjhd; tuyhw;W Mrpupau;fSk;>
Ma;;thsu;fSk; fUJfpd;whu;fs;.
jw;Nghija kfhtk;rj;jpy;> E}W mj;jpahaq;fs; (gpw;Nru;f;ifahf)
Nru;f;fg;gl;Ls;s NghjpYk;> Kjy; 37 mj;jpahaq;fs; Fwpj;J ,g;Nghijf;F ehk;
ftdk; nrYj;jyhk;. Vnddpy; mitNa fUg;nghUshfTk; cs;sd. ,e;j 37 mj;jpahaq;fSk;
vd;d nrhy;fpd;wd? mit njuptpf;Fk; fUj;Jf;fs; vd;d? mtw;wpy; kiwe;jpUf;Fk;
cz;ikfs; vd;d? vd;git Fwpj;J kpfr; RUf;fkhfj; ju;f;fpf;f tpiofpd;Nwhk;.
kfhtk;rj;jpd; KjyhtJ mj;jpahak; Gj;jupd; %d;W ,yq;if tUiffis tpgupf;fpd;wJ.
kfhtk;rj;jpd;gb> kfjNjrj;jpy; cs;s cUnty vd;Dk; ,lj;jpYs;s mur kuj;jpd;
mbapy;> xU itfhrp khjj;Jg; ngsu;zkp ehspy; nfsjk Gj;ju; mku;e;jpUf;fpd;whu;.
mg;NghJ mtUf;Fr; rpy tplaq;fs; Gydhfpd;wd. ngsj;j kjk; ngU tsu;r;rpailaf;
$ba ,lk; ,yq;if vd;gJk;> Mdhy; mq;F Vw;fdNt trpj;J tUfpd;w ,af;fu;fis
mq;fpUe;J mfw;w Ntz;Lk; vd;Wk; Gj;ju; vz;Zfpd;whu;.
md;Gf;Fupa Neau;fNs!
kfhtk;rj;jpd; KjyhtJ mj;jpahaj;jp;d; Fwpg;Gfspd;gb ,yq;ifj;jPtpd; Mjpf;Fbfs;
,af;fu;fs; vd;gJ Gydhfpd;wJ. ,jid kdjpy; cs;thq;fpf; nfhz;L mLj;j
rk;gtj;jpw;F tUNthk;.
kfhtk;rj;jpd;gb> ,yq;ifj;jPT
vq;fZk; tho;fpd;w ,af;fu;fs;> Fwpg;gpl;l xU jpdj;jpy;> kfhtyp fq;if mUNf
te;J $LtJ tof;fk;. me;j Ntisapy;> Gj;ju; mq;Nf gpurd;dkhfpg; gaq;fukhd
#iwf;fhw;iw cUthf;fp ,af;fu;fisg; gaKWj;Jfpd;whu;. clNd ,af;fu;fs;
',e;j ,yq;ifj;jPT KOtijANk ckf;Fj;
jUfpd;Nwhk;. vq;fis fhg;ghw;Wq;fs;"
vd;W nfQ;r> Gj;ju; mtu;fis> kiyehl;Lf;F mDg;gp itf;fpd;whu;.
,af;fu;fs; mfd;wJk;> me;j ,lj;jpy; ~Njtu;fs;| $Lfpd;whu;fs;. ,e;jj;
~Njtu;fs;| vd;gtu;fs; ahu;? gpd;dhspy; tp[ad; tUtjw;F Kd;dNuNa CLUtp ,Ue;j
Mupau;fs; vd;gtu;fs;jhd; ,e;jj; ~Njtu;fs;|!. cz;ikapy; ,e;jpahtpw;Fs;> ifgu;
kw;Wk; Nghyd; Nghd;w ,kakiyf; fztha;fs; Clhf> fpwp];JTf;F Kd;du;> 2500-f;Fk;
(fpwp];JTf;F Kd;du;) 1500-f;Fk; ,ilg;gl;l Mz;Lfspy;> Mupau;fs; CLUtp
tpl;lhu;fs;. ,e;jpaj; jpuhtpl kf;fisj; njd;Gykhf efu itj;jJld;> tp[adpd;
tUiff;F Kd;dNuNa> ,yq;ifapd; njd; Gyq;fspy; Mupau;fs; FbNawpdu;. Mdhy;
fpwp];JTf;F Kd;du; 483 Mk; Mz;by;> tp[adpd; tUifNahLjhd;> Mupaupd; tUif
Muk;gkhdJ vd;W rpq;fs tuyhw;W Mrpupau;fs; gpbthjkhf cs;shu;fs;.
kfhtk;rj;jpd; KjyhtJ mj;jpahaj;ij rw;W tpgukhf Muha;e;J ghu;j;jhy;> cz;ikfs;
ntspg;gLk;.
kfhtk;rj;jpd;gb>
Gj;ju; ,uz;lhk; KiwAk;> ,yq;iff;F tUfpd;whu;. ,k;Kiw ,uz;L ehf kd;du;fs;
jkf;Fs;Ns Nghu; Guptijj; jLg;gjw;fhf tUfpd;whu;. Kd;G #iwf;fhw;iw cUthf;fp
Mjpf;Fbfisg; gag;gLj;jpa Gj;ju;> ,k;Kiw gaq;fu ,Uisg; gutr;nra;J> ehf
kd;du;fisAk;> mtuJ tPuu;fisAk; gaq;nfhs;s itf;fpd;whu;. gpd;du; mq;F tho;e;j
vl;Lf;Nfhb ehfu;fSf;F> ~Gj;jk;- ju;kk; -rq;fk;| vd;w Nghjidfis
mspf;fpd;whu;.
,J eilngw;W %d;W Mz;LfSf;Fg; gpd;du;> kfhtk;rj;jpd;gb> Gj;ju; kPz;Lk;
,yq;iff;F tp[ak; nra;fpd;whu;. fy;ahzp vd;w Njrj;jpd;> ehf kd;ddpd; Ntz;Ljiy
Vw;W mq;Nf nry;tNjhL> gy ,lq;fSf;Fk; nrd;W> me;j ,lq;fis Mrpu;tjpj;Jj;
jpUk;Gfpd;whu;.
,e;jr; nra;jpfspy; kiwe;Js;s rpy cz;ikfis ehk; rpe;jpj;Jg; ghu;f;f Ntz;Lk;.
,yq;ifapd; Mjpf;Fbthrpfshf ,af;fu;fSk;> ehfu;fSk; cs;shu;fs;.
kfhtk;rj;jpd;gb> ,af;fu;fis mfw;wpaJ Nghy;> Gj;juhy; ehfu;fis mfw;w
Kbatpy;iy. ehf topghLk;> ~ehf| vd;w nrhy; tUk; ngau;fSk;> (v.fh - ehfehjd;>
ehfypq;fk;> ehfKj;J> ehfG+rzp)> kw;Wk; ,yq;ifapd; tlngUk; gFjp ehfjPgk; vd
miof;fg;gl;lJk;> gy tuyhw;W cz;ikfis kiwKfkhfr; Rl;bf; fhl;Lfpd;wd.
kfhtk;rj;jpd; ,uz;lhtJ mj;jpahak;> Gj;jupd; %jhijfs; Fwpj;Jk;> %d;whtJ>
ehd;fhtJ kw;Wk; Ie;jhtJ mj;jpahaq;fs; Gj;j kj kfhehLfs; Fwpj;Jk;> MwhtJ
mj;jpahak; tp[adpd; fij Fwpj;Jk;> VohtJ mj;jpahak; ,yq;ifj;jPtpy; tp[ad; fiu
,wq;FtJ Fwpj;Jk; tpgupf;fpd;wd. kpFjp mj;jpahaq;fs; ahTk;> rpq;fs kd;du;fs;
gw;wpAk;> mtu;fsJ Ml;rp Kiwfs; gw;wpAk;> jkpo; kd;du;fSf;Fk; rpq;fs
kd;du;fSf;Fk; ,ilapy; Vw;gl;l Nghu;fs; Fwpj;Jk; tpgupf;fpd;wd.
,g;NghJ Nkw;$wpa kfhtk;r mj;jpahaq;fs; Fwpj;Jj; njhFg;ghf mNjNtis RUf;fkhfr;
rpy jfty;fisj; jutpiofpd;Nwhk;.
tp[adpd; fij vd;gJ xU fl;Lf;fijahfTk;> ehNlhbf; fijfspd; jpupghfTk; cs;sJ
vd;gij Ma;thsu;fs; njuptpf;fpd;whu;fs;. tp[adpd; Kjy; kidtpahd FNtdp gw;wpa
Fwpg;Gf;fs; vJTk;> kfhtk;rj;jpw;F ,uz;L E}w;whz;LfSf;F Kd;du; ghlg;gl;l
jPgtk;rj;jpy; ,y;iy. jtpuTk;> gpd;dhspy; murFyg; ngz;izj; Nju;e;njLj;J
kzg;gjw;fhf> kJiuapy; murhz;l ghz;ba kd;ddpd; kfisAk;> ghz;ba kd;ddpd; murg;
gpujhdpfspd; ngz; kf;fshd vOE}W NgiuAk; Nju;e;njLj;J> tp[aDk; mtdJ vOE}W
Njhou;fSk; (my;yJ mt;Ntisapy; ,Ue;j murDk; mtdJ ez;gu;fSk; vd;Wk;
nfhs;syhk;) kzk; Gupe;jhu;fs; vd;W kfhtk;rk; nrhy;fpd;wJ.
,J NtW xU rpf;fiyAk;
cUthf;Ffpd;wJ.
tp[aDk; mtdJ Njhou;fSk;
kze;j ngz;fs;> ghz;ba kfspu;fs; vd;gjdhy;> rpq;fs ,uj;jj;Jld; ghz;ba
ehl;Lj; jpuhtpl ,uj;jKk; Nru;e;J> rpq;fs tk;rk; xU fyg;G tk;rkhf
cUthfp tpl;lJ vd;w ju;f;fKk; vOfpwJ my;yth? ,jidj; jhq;f Kbahj rpq;fs
tuyhw;W Mrpupau;fs; rpyu;> ghz;ba kJiuia> ~ghz;L kJuhthf;fp|> kfhghuj
ghz;ltu; Fyj;jpy; njhlu;G Njb tUfpd;whu;fs;. Mdhy; kfhtk;rj;jpd; nfa;fupd;
nkhop ngau;g;gpYk;> Kjypahu; tp[arpq;ftpd; kPsha;tpYk; ~njw;NfAs;s kJiu|
vd;W njspthff; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ.
kfhtk;rk; Fwpg;gpLfpd;w kw;iwa Kf;fpa mk;rq;fspy;> fhkpdp mgad; vd;fpd;w
Jl;l fhkpdpAk;> vy;yhsd; vd;fpd;w jkpo; kd;dDk; mlq;Ftu;. Jl;l fhkpdpiaj;
jdJ ghl;Lilj; jiytdhfj;jhd; kfhtk;rk; tpgupf;fpd;wJ. mtdJ tuyhw;iw
tpgupf;Fk;NghJ> ,uz;L mk;rq;fis kfhtk;rk; typAWj;Jfpd;wJ. xd;W jkpou;fSf;F
vjpuhd ,dthjf; fUj;Jf;fs;. kw;wJ ngsj;j kjj;jpw;F mtd; Mw;wpa Nrit.
Jl;l fhkpdp vy;yhsDf;F vjpuhd
Aj;jj;jpw;F> Gj;j kjj;ij Kd;itj;jhd;. ~ehd; mur Nghfq;fSf;fhf ,e;j
Aj;jj;jpy; ,wq;ftpy;iy. ngsj;j rhrdj;jpd; cd;djj;jpw;fhfNt Nghu;
njhLf;fpd;Nwd;| vd;W me;jf; fhyj;jpNyNa kpff;ftu;r;rpfukhd Nfhrj;ijj; Jl;l
fhkpdp Kd;itj;jhd;.
fpwp];JTf;F Kd;du; 145 Mk; Mz;L njhlf;fk; fpwp];JTf;F Kd;du; 101 Mk;
Mz;L tiuapyhd 44 Mz;Lfs;> jkpo; kd;ddhd vy;yhsd; Ml;rp nra;j fhykhFk;.
vy;yhsidr; Nrho ,sturdhfTk;> njd;dpe;jpahtpy; ,Ue;J gilnaLj;J te;jtDkhfTk;>
ghsp ,yf;fpaq;fs; $Wtjpy; cz;ikapy;iy. ,g;gbnahU Nrhod; ,e;jpahtpy;
,Ue;jjhf> jkpo; ehl;L tuyhw;wpy; ve;j MjhuKkpy;iy. vy;yhsd; vd;gtd;
,yq;ifiar; Nru;e;j jkpo; kd;dNdahthd;. mtdJ ePjp jtwhj Ml;rp Fwpj;Jg; gy
,lq;fspy; kfhtk;rKk; $Wfpd;wJ. ,isQdhd Jl;lfhkpdpAld;> 72 Mz;Lfs;
epuk;gpa vy;yhsd; jdpr; rku; nra;J ,we;jjd; fhuzkhf vy;yhsdpd; Njhy;tp>
jkpoPo kf;fspd; Njhy;tpahapw;W vd;W jpUr;nry;tk; Fwpg;gpLthu;.
kfhtk;rj;jpd; Clhf NkYk; rpy tplaq;fs; njupa tUfp;d;wd. mDuhjGu
rpk;khrdj;jpy; mku;e;J rpq;fstUk;> jkpoUk; khwp khwp ,yq;ifia Ml;rp
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